肾移植

The kidneys perform several important functions, including:

Filtering blood to remove waste products, 排出体内的废物，如尿液，并在必要时将水和化学物质送回体内.
Regulating blood pressure by releasing several hormones.
Stimulating red blood cell production by releasing the hormone erythropoietin.

When the kidneys stop working, this is referred to as end-stage renal disease. 有毒废物在体内积累，病人需要透析或肾移植才能生存. Neither of these options is a cure for kidney failure, 但是，如果移植的肾脏功能成功，移植提供了最好的前景.

肾衰竭原因

The most common causes of kidney failure include:

糖尿病
肾小球肾炎
高血压
多囊肾病
Severe defects of the urinary tract

肾移植评价

During a kidney transplant evaluation, 移植协调员会安排一系列的测试来评估你的治疗方案. You'll be evaluated for potential medical problems such as heart disease, 感染, 膀胱功能障碍, 溃疡和肥胖. A social worker will discuss transportation, 住房, 关于移植的财务和家庭支持需求，财务顾问将解决您的保险政策的好处.

我们希望你在做决定前尽可能多地了解移植过程.

筛选试验

不管你是否会从活着的或死去的捐赠者那里得到肾脏, 你需要接受特殊的血液测试来确定你的血液和组织类型. These tests help us match you with a donor kidney.

血型. The first test establishes blood type. There are four blood types: A, B, AB and O. 接受者和献血者必须有相同的血型或相容的血型.

If your blood type is A, donor blood type must be A or O
If your blood type is B, donor blood type must be B or O
如果你的血型是AB型(通用受体)，献血者的血型可能是A型、B型、AB型或O型
If your blood type is O (universal donor), donor blood type must be O

AB型血, 被称为通用接受者, is the easiest to match because the individual accepts all blood types. 血型 O, called the universal donor, is the hardest to match. Although people with blood type O can donate to all types, they can only receive kidneys from blood type O donors. 例如, 如果一个O型血的病人移植了a型血的肾脏, the body would recognize the donor kidney as foreign and destroy it.

The Rh type (+, -) is not a factor in donor matching.

人白细胞抗原(HLA). 第二种测试是人类白细胞抗原(HLA)的血液测试，称为组织分型. 这些抗原存在于身体的许多细胞中，但主要存在于白细胞中. Tissue type likeness between family members may be 100, 50 or 0 percent. The tissue type of all potential donors is considered in donor selection.

所有潜在捐赠者, whether or not they're related to the recipient, can arrange to have the tissue typing test. No special preparation is required and results are available within two weeks. 对于不住在附近的潜在献血者，可以使用带有收集和返回血样说明的预包装试剂盒. 血液可以在当地十大赌博平台排行榜办公室或十大赌博平台排行榜实验室抽取，并通过隔夜邮件发送到加州大学旧金山分校移植服务中心.

试验. The immune system makes proteins called antibodies, which attack foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. You make antibodies when you have an infection, 怀孕, have a blood transfusion or undergo a kidney transplant. If you have antibodies to the donor kidney, your body will destroy the kidney. 为了确保你体内没有供体的抗体，我们会进行交叉配型测试.

To perform a crossmatch, we mix your blood with cells from your donor. 如果交叉匹配是正的, 你对供体有抗体，不应该接受这个人的肾脏. 如果交叉匹配是负的, 你对捐赠者没有抗体，你有资格接受肾脏移植.

在活体供体移植的准备过程中，交叉配型要进行多次, particularly if donor-specific blood transfusions are used. A final crossmatch is performed within 48 hours before the transplant.

血清学. Testing is conducted for potentially transmissible diseases, such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 肝炎和巨细胞病毒.

移植的资格

当评估完成时, 移植小组将会面, 讨论你的病史和社会历史，决定是否把你放在移植等待名单上. 只有在与肾脏专家讨论了你的情况后才能做出这个决定。, 外科十大赌博平台排行榜, 移植协调员, social worker and financial counselor.

如果你是移植候选人, 你将被列入器官共享联合网络(UNOS)的等候名单。. If a transplant is not in your best interest, a transplant team member will discuss other options with you.

60岁及以上的人在经过医疗和心血管评估后，可考虑进行个人移植. 泌尿道解剖异常的人可能不符合资格，直到他们接受了适当的重建手术.

You may not qualify for a kidney transplant if you've:

最近得了癌症
最近心脏病发作
最近滥用药物或酒精
活动性感染

肾移植等候名单

生活捐助者

用于移植的肾脏可以来自活体供体或已故(尸体)供体. To learn more about the evaluation and surgery for living donors, visit 活体肾移植.

已故捐赠人

《十大赌博平台排行榜》允许人们在死后捐献器官用于移植，并允许其家人提供许可. All donors are carefully screened to prevent disease transmission.

如果你决定接受尸体肾移植并且你在医学上符合十大赌博靠谱网络平台, your name will be placed on a cadaver organ waiting list. A blood sample for antibody level will be sent monthly to the medical center. 等待的时间取决于是否有与你血型和抗体水平相匹配的尸体捐献者.

当肾脏可用时，您的肾脏专家将被联系以获得批准. 加州大学旧金山分校的移植服务将核实你最近没有感染或医疗问题，这些问题会影响安全的移植. We will help you make arrangements for your transplant.

肾移植手术

Your surgery will last from two to four hours. 操作过程中, 移植的肾脏被放置在你的骨盆中，而不是通常的背部. (Your own kidneys will not be removed.将血液输送到肾脏的动脉和将血液从肾脏中输送出去的静脉通过外科手术与骨盆中的两条血管相连. 输尿管, or tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, is transplanted through an incision in the bladder.

手术后, 你将在恢复室待几个小时，然后再回到肾移植病房. The 外科十大赌博平台排行榜 will inform your family when the procedure is over.

十大赌博平台排行榜会鼓励你在手术后12到24小时下床，尽可能多走路. Nurses will instruct you in taking your medications, explain the side effects and discuss making lifestyle changes.

A cadaver kidney may be temporarily slow in functioning, a condition called "sleepy kidney" or acute tubular necrosis. A sleepy kidney usually starts working in two to four weeks. Until then, you may need to undergo dialysis a few times.

大多数移植受者必须服用一种叫做免疫抑制剂的药物，以防止身体排斥移植器官. 这些药物的副作用之一就是增加了患癌症的风险皮肤癌和淋巴瘤. You should be closely monitored for these conditions.